How and Why Dramatica is Different from
Christopher Vogler's "Hero's Journey"
by Chris Huntley

For the sake of convenience, I have pulled information from the article, "How and Why Dramatica is Different from Five Other Story Paradigms," to compare Dramatica only with Christopher Vogler's "Hero's Journey." Please read that article to see the full explanations and comparisons to other story paradigms (click here).

I've divided the results into four major topics of comparison: Story Throughlines; Hero, Protagonist, and Main Character; Character Growth and Resolve; and Plot Structure. I've also included an overview of the source materials, some initial observations, and a summary at the end.

RESOURCE MATERIALS

The following describes my research for Christopher Vogler's work.

• CHRISTOPHER VOGLER: I read Christopher Vogler's book, "The Writer's Journey" (2nd Edition). Chris Vogler has an engaging writing style and strong command of the English language. He goes out of his way to give credit where due and provides appropriate caveats for exceptions and rules. It seems honest, direct, and sincere. And, it goes into greater depth than the "The Hero's 2 Journeys" DVD (see Michael Hauge comparison). The greatest area of expansion over the DVD is discussion of his character archetypes.

• DRAMATICA: I used, “Dramatica: A New Theory of Story,” Special Tenth Anniversary Edition, by Melanie Anne Phillips and Chris Huntley (Write Brothers, 2004) as my source for most of the Dramatica material. As co-author of the book and co-creator of the Dramatica theory of story, I was familiar with the material already.

INITIAL OBSERVATIONS

Though the five non-Dramatica story paradigms I studied are different in their specifics, I was surprised to find that they each more or less fit into one of two broad categories.

• The first category I call the post-Aristotelian story paradigm. This category finds its roots in the work of Lajos Egri (The Art of Dramatic Writing!) who significantly expanded the function of Character in story beyond Aristotle's Poetics.

• The second category I call The Hero's Journey story paradigm and finds its roots in adaptations of Joseph Campbell's work (Hero with a Thousand Faces).

Christopher Vogler falls into the second category.

By contrast, Dramatica does not fall neatly into either category. It appears to be a much broader story paradigm—one that encompasses elements from both categories and then some.

While reading “The Writer's Journey,” I was surprised that many of Vogler's observations about character and the hero's journey "felt" right. Specifically, Vogler discussed the "meaning" of certain archetypes or events in the story and how they correlate to "meaning" in the real world. So much of it sounded good and useful, but I also saw all the conditions where those observations didn't hold up-places where too many assumptions are made, such as the nature of a Hero. Vogler bends over backwards to illustrate exceptions to the Hero definition. So many that they seem to void any sense of "rules" to go by.

One major difference between Dramatica and more traditional story theories seems to be this:

• Dramatica works with story from the objective author's view that allows writers to clearly manipulate elements of a story's structure. From this author's perspective, it is difficult to find the meaning of specific author's choices.

• Christopher Vogler's "Hero's Journey" works with story from the subjective audience's view that allows writers to see the meaning of flow and elements of the story. From this audience's perspective, it is difficult to predict which story elements are essential and how they should go together.

So the question was how this difference in perspective manifested itself in understanding the nature of Story.

STORY THROUGHLINES

A key concept in Dramatica is that all complete stories have four separate but interrelated storylines that are present from the beginning to the end of the story called Throughlines. This differs from Christopher Vogler who describes two essential storylines.

In simplified terms: Vogler describes two throughlines as the Hero's Journey and the Hero's Inner Journey.

Vogler's two throughlines correlate to two of Dramatica's four throughlines:

• The Overall Story Throughline (the objective, “big picture” thread) closely resembles Vogler's Hero's Journey.

• The Main Character Throughline (the character through whose eyes the audience experiences the story) closely resembles Vogler's Hero's Inner Journey.

The two Dramatica throughlines not clearly defined, not deemed essential, or just plain absent in the other story paradigms are:

• The Impact Character Throughline—The character whose alternative perspective forces the Main Character to address his personal issues.

• The Main Character vs. Impact Character (MC/IC) Throughline—The relationship between the main and impact characters that counters the objectivity of the Overall Story throughline by adding a passionate, subjective perspective.

It is inaccurate to say these two throughlines are altogether absent from the other story paradigms. Vogler's character Archetypes may embody aspects of the Impact Character, but their functions in the story may or may not correspond to the functions of the Impact Character. Vogler describes many relationships between the Hero and the other characters in the story, but none is specific enough to constitute a MC/IC throughline.

Stories without an Impact Character throughline and Main Character vs. Impact Character relationship throughline feel incomplete for a number of reasons:

• It is the Impact Character that forces the Main Character to address his personal issues. The Impact Character represents an alternative way to resolve the Main Character's problems and as long as it is around the Main Character cannot ignore it. So, to get the Main Character to deal with his personal problems, the Impact Character needs to be present (in some form or another) for the entire story. No Impact Character throughline—no realistic Main Character growth.

• The Main Character vs. Impact Character (MC/IC) relationship throughline provides the “passionate” perspective in the story. Whether the relationship is romantic, professional, familial, or otherwise, the conflicts in the relationship provide an emotional connection for the audience. Without the MC/IC throughline, the story lacks heart.

As a theory of Story, Dramatica offers an explanation for why a story has four throughlines and not one, two, three, five, seven, or any other number. (For a full discussion of this topic, click here to read it in the full article.)

Complete stories provide an author and audience all four perspectives within the single context of the story. They give us something we cannot get in real life. And THAT's one of the reasons why audiences can watch or listen to a story over and over. Even after the storytelling has gone stale, stories give the audience an experience it cannot have in real life.

HERO, PROTAGONIST, AND MAIN CHARACTER

This brings me to another way in which Dramatica is different from other story paradigms. Vogler calls the principle character in a story the Hero. The Hero goes on two parallel journeys: Hero's Journey and the Hero's Inner Journey.

Dramatica separates the concept of the character who leads the efforts to achieve the Story Goal (protagonist), from that of the character through whose eyes the audience experiences the story on a personal level (Main Character).

• The Protagonist is one of many Objective Characters in the Overall Story throughline. The OS characters are defined by their function in the Overall Story throughline. For example, an archetypal protagonist represents the motivation to pursue and consider the goal and problems. Other Objective Characters in the Overall Story throughline include archetypes such as the antagonist, the sidekick, the skeptic, and others.

• The Main Character is a Subjective Character and gives the audience a personal view inside the story. It is through the Main Character's perspective that the audience gets the first person (I), “This is what it's like to have personal problems” experience. The other principle Subjective Character is the Impact Character who consciously or unconsciously challenges the Main Character's world view by offering an alternative way of seeing or doing things.

One advantage to separating the Main Character from the Protagonist is to be able to work with the Main Character and Overall Story throughlines separately. (For an example, click here to read the full explanation in the full article.)

CHARACTER GROWTH AND RESOLVE

Character change is a major element of most story paradigms.

Christopher Vogler sees change as an essential part of the hero's journey: “CHANGE—Heroes don't just visit death and come home. They return changed, transformed. No one can go through an experience at the edge of death without being changed in some way.” [The Writer's Journey, p 160]

Dramatica treats character change a bit differently. For one thing, Dramatica makes a distinction between a Main Character's personal growth and his resolve. Here's the distinction between growth and resolve:

• Character Growth: In order for a character to change or remain steadfast, a character needs to be able to distinguish between the source of conflict and its symptomatic effects. The character is “blinded” from seeing both by either being too close or too far from the problem. The character growth brings the character to the point where all options are visible to the character. Character growth is akin to a “character arc.”

• Character Resolve: Once a character has grown, it can stay the course (remain steadfast) or radically alter its perspective (change). Character Resolve is not a value judgment, nor is it a description of what could or should have happened. Identifying a character's resolve is simply determining whether the character's perspective is fundamentally the same or different.

Christopher Vogler describes the main character's growth as the Hero's Inner Journey. Vogler inexorably ties the main character's resolve (Change) to the journey (growth). In his DVD, “The Hero's 2 Journeys,” Vogler acknowledges that some heroes remain steadfast but does not describe how this might fit or alter the hero's journey.

Many great stories involve characters that remain steadfast against all efforts to change them. Moreover, the fact that they “stay the course” is an essential component of each story's message. Imagine Job in the Old Testament of the Bible telling God he's had too much and is throwing in the towel, or Dr. Richard Kimble in "The Fugitive" giving up his search for the one-armed man and heading off to Bermuda. Both might work as stories but their meaning would be changed considerably. To tell the stories successfully, each would be constructed differently from the originals so that the character growth naturally led to the new character resolve.

How is a main character's growth affected by the character's resolve?

The answer is simple and significant:

• Change Main Character Growth: A change main character comes to the story with pre-existing “baggage” in the form of justifications (inner walls) that blind the character to his personal problem. Whether you call the baggage the character's problem (Dramatica), or inner problem (Vogler), the main character comes to the story “fully loaded” and ripe for change. Each act describes the tearing down of the justifications that hide the main character's personal problem from his direct awareness. Once the character has grown enough to see beyond the justifications and recognize the true nature of his personal problems can he then fundamentally alter his world view (change).

• Steadfast Main Character Growth: A steadfast main character generally starts off at the beginning of the story with everything in balance. An external force disrupts this balance and the main character responds by committing to a method of restoring balance. Each act describes the main character's efforts to reinforce his commitment as external forces grow and change. Once the character has reached the edge of his breaking point—when the limit of his efforts to reinforce his motivations match that of the maximum external pressure to alter course—he makes one last commitment and forms a justification that blinds him from his initial choice of action. In this way he remains steadfast in his resolve.

By allowing for Main Characters who change and Main Characters who remain steadfast, Dramatica opens up the story world to the other half not adequately explained by other paradigms. These include steadfast main characters such as Romeo in “Romeo and Juliet,” Jim Starke in “Rebel Without A Cause,” Jake Barnes in “The Sun Also Rises,” Clarice Starling in “Silence of the Lambs,” and Jake Gittes in “Chinatown.”

By separating character growth from character resolve, Dramatica lets you determine both where your character goes and how he gets there. This gives authors flexibility in forming their stories. It also better represents the choices we have in real life and therefore brings greater verisimilitude to an audience's story experience.

PLOT STRUCTURE

Plot structure is the temporal backbone of a story. Stories need plot structure to hold them together. Story paradigms need plot structure to explain how to create plots for stories and how to recognize and fix plot problems. I chose to focus on the one area each story paradigm manages to integrate (one way or another)—Act Structure.

Here's my plan of attack:

• Begin with a word about author and audience.
• Give a general overview of my findings about Plot.
• Show each system with some brief descriptions.
• Share some initial observations and comparisons.
• Evaluate Dramatica's comparative strengths and weaknesses.

A Word About Author and Audience & Overview

(Click here for an explanation of these topics.)

Plot Paradigm Illustrations

Example 1: Christopher Vogler's Hero's Journey

Click illustration to enlarge

Christopher Vogler's description of the Hero's Journey plot is usually presented as a circle. I have taken the liberty of converting his timeline to a horizontal plot line—an alternate form he uses to describe the progression of the Character Arc (The Writer's Journey, 2nd Edition, p 213). I've also combined his Hero's Journey timeline with his Character Arc timeline to get the full effect of his plot paradigm.

Vogler's Hero's Journey is a four-act structure camouflaged as a three-act structure. That's where the similarity ends. Based on Joseph Campbell's work on mythic story structure, Vogler has relabeled the plot points to describe the external journey of the Hero, and the internal journey of the main character (The Character Arc). Vogler's setup and inciting event take the form of Ordinary World and Call to Adventure. Major events function as turning points for the acts, such as Crossing the Threshold into the Special World, Ordeal, and The Road Back to the Ordinary World. Crisis and climax show up as Resurrection and Final Attempt. Return with the Elixir and Mastery approximate the story's resolution.

Example 2: Dramatica's “Act Structure”

Click illustration to enlarge

Dramatica clearly uses a four-act structure. It starts with a setup of plot points and story dynamics and an inciting incident. It has regular turning points in the plot to indicate act breaks driven by the Story Driver, and ends with a crisis, climax, and resolution of plot points and story dynamics. It also explores four throughlines; two more than the other story paradigms. The Overall Story throughline is the rough equivalent of the outer journey found in other paradigms. The Main Character throughline is the counterpart to the inner journey. Dramatica counterpoints the Main Character throughline with the Impact Character throughline. Exploring the relationship between the Main and Impact Characters is done in the MC/IC Relationship throughline.

Initial Comparisons

Wow. My initial reaction after comparing these six plot paradigms was that Dramatica looked dry and complicated, while Vogler's "Hero's Journey" seemed easier to digest. Vogler's Hero's Journey seems “friendly” and approachable. As you might imagine, this was a little off-putting for me. I didn't expect the comparisons to show such a stark difference between the two paradigms.

There are three obvious reasons why Vogler's system suggests an easier writing approach than Dramatica.

• The first is that it is much simpler and therefore easier to follow.

• The second reason Vogler's system seems more “writable” is that the labels used to describe their various plot points are more story-like than Dramatica's labels. Vogler's Hero's Journey speaks in mythic language using words such as ordeal, reward, and resurrection. By comparison, Dramatica's Signposts, Journeys, and Story Driver sound less writer friendly.

• The third reason Dramatica seems more difficult to write from is its complexity. Dramatica has four throughlines to worry about instead of one or two. It has sixteen Signposts—four for each throughline. The nature of each Signpost is determined by a “storyform.” Just knowing how Dramatica's structure is put together is not enough. In fact, it's unlikely a writer could create a story just by looking at Dramatica's act structure as shown in the illustration. More information seems necessary even to begin writing.
  
  Vogler's Hero's Journey reads like a ready-made story outline and practically oozes Meaning: The Hero is in the Ordinary World and has Limited Awareness; There is a Call to Adventure which gives the Hero Increased Awareness; The Hero's Refusal of the call comes from his Reluctance to Change; The Hero's Meeting with the Mentor signals the Overcoming of his reluctance; and so on.

Is less plot structure better?

When it comes to identifying and fixing plot problems, “less” usually is not better. In fact, persistent plot problems are often more closely tied to plot elements an author has NOT considered than plot elements the author has reworked. Having more tools with which to evaluate and construct a story is more valuable in those instances. In this regard, Dramatica surpasses Christopher Vogler's "Hero's Journey."

Dramatica's Comparative Strengths And Weaknesses
(Abbreviated)

The Dramatica act structure's single greatest strength is its comprehensiveness. It covers everything necessary to make your plot work well. It has over one hundred unique story points (not including recurring plot points or character interactions) with at least forty-four specifically plot-related. Dramatica's plot explores four separate but interconnected throughlines instead of the two described in The Hero's Journey.

Dramatica ties each plot point to the storyform. Storyforms describe the story's underlying structure and dynamics and the interconnections between Character, Theme, Genre, and Plot—in essence, the author's intent. This is a tremendous advantage because it gives an author an idea of how to explore his subject matter as it progresses act to act.

The Hero's Journey only explores two of the four throughlines necessary for a complete act structure. Writers recognize the patterns found in The Hero's Journey and use them. Unfortunately, they also sense the “missing pieces.” Hours of writer's block may be associated with writers struggling to figure out the structural gaps in The Hero's Journey.

Dramatica's unique author's perspective on story gives it another advantage over The Hero's Journey. Dramatica makes a distinction between Plot, the order in which events happen, and Storyweaving, the order plot events are presented to an audience. (This partially explains the table-like format of the Dramatica Act Structure illustration.)

Storyweaving often masks problems in the plot. Separating plot from Storyweaving lets an author know what is really happening in the story as well as what seems to be happening. The Hero's Journey doesn't make this distinction and suffers for it. In The Hero's Journey, Vogler says the plot structure should not be followed too precisely. “The order of the stages given here is only one of many possible variations. The stages can be deleted, added to, and drastically shuffled without losing any of their power” (The Hero's Journey, 2nd Edition, p 26). With that much latitude how can a writer possibly determine what should or should not be in the plot? A writer pretty much has to figure that out on his own if he wishes to stray from the paths specified by The Hero's Journey. On the other hand, Dramatica shows the writer how everything fits together and lets the writer determine how he wants to assemble the plot timeline.

The qualities that make The Hero's Journey simple to understand makes it difficult to use for writing. Dramatica is more comprehensive than The Hero's Journey. It is better suited to building stronger plots since it approaches story from the author's perspective. By separating plot and Storyweaving, Dramatica makes identifying plot problems easier. The Dramatica storyform connects the plot to character, theme, and genre better than any other system. Plus, the storyform indicates the nature of plot events without limiting subject matter. For these reasons I think Dramatica's Act Structure plot paradigm is the most capable system examined.

Summary And Conclusions

Exploring Christopher Vogler's story paradigm has been educational and eye opening. I've only scratched the surface but I feel I've learned a lot. Dramatica shares some common ground with The Hero's Journey but is different in approach and perspective.

Click here for full summary and conclusions.

As tools to understand and develop stories, The Hero's Journey has its own relative strengths and weaknesses. Dramatica seems to cover more story territory and provide a clearer insight into a story's inner workings; it also appears complex and filled with specialized vocabulary. The Hero's Journey uses more conversational terminology and feels more accessible. I believe that no single story paradigm holds all the answers. Each paradigm has its story development treasures to offer. I've dug up a few and explored them to a limited degree. I look forward to continuing my search by delving deeper into these story paradigms and investigating others.


REFERENCES

Hauge, M., & Vogler, C. (Writers), & Mefford, J. (Director). (2003). The Hero's 2 Journeys: Insider Secrets for Uniting the Outer Journey of Plot Structure with the Inner Journey of Character Arc [DVD]. New York: ScreenStyle.com.

Huntley, C. N., & Phillips, M. A. (2004). Dramatica: A New Theory Of Story, Special 10th Anniversary Edition. Glendale, CA: Write Brothers, Inc.

Vogler, C. (1998). The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure For Writers, 2nd Edition. Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Productions.